Response to Bannenberg and Rice

This manuscript is a response to concerns expressed in a letter by industry-based scientists Bannenberg and Rice in response to our recent narrative review. In the review, we largely discussed why supplementation with n-3 PUFA rich oils might have benefits to the body composition and metabolism of the offspring of overweight or obese pregnant women. Bannenberg and Rice raised concerns about a number of points that may be perceived as negative about the quality and functionality of commercial fish oils. We provide a refutation to their comments and a brief review of recent evidence regarding the n-3 PUFA content, and oxidative state of supplements available to consumers. From a clinical research perspective, there remains a need to exercise caution. An oil containing less n-3 PUFAs than expected may be ineffective, and lead to incorrect conclusions that n-3 PUFAs lack efficacy. Oxidized fish oil may be ineffective or even cause unwanted harm. Although we must not overinterpret limited evidence from animal models, we have a responsibility to minimize risk to study participants, especially those most vulnerable, such as pregnant women. Prior to selecting a fish oil to be used in a clinical trial, it is essential to independently verify the n-3 PUFA content of the oil, and that the oil is unoxidized.