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The MADS transcription factors (TF), SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) and AGAMOUS (AG) are required for floral organ identity and floral meristem determinacy. While dimerization is obligatory for DNA binding, SEP3 and SEP3-AG also form tetrameric complexes. How homo and hetero-dimerization and tetramerization of MADS TFs affect genome-wide DNA-binding and gene regulation is not known. Using sequential DNA affinity purification sequencing (seq-DAP-seq), we determined genome-wide binding of SEP3 homomeric and SEP3-AG heteromeric complexes, including SEP3Δtet-AG, a complex with a SEP3 splice variant, SEP3Δtet, which is largely dimeric and SEP3-AG tetramer. SEP3 and SEP3-AG share numerous bound regions, however each complex bound unique sites, demonstrating that protein identity plays a role in DNA-binding. SEP3-AG and SEP3Δtet-AG share a similar genome-wide binding pattern; however the tetrameric form could access new sites and demonstrated a global increase in DNA-binding affinity. Tetramerization exhibited significant cooperative binding with preferential distances between two sites, allowing efficient binding to regions that are poorly recognized by dimeric SEP3Δtet-AG. By intersecting seq-DAP-seq with ChIP-seq and expression data, we identified unique target genes bound either in SEP3-AG seq-DAP-seq or in SEP3/AG ChIP-seq. Seq-DAP-seq is a versatile genome-wide technique and complements in vivo methods to identify putative direct regulatory targets.

Genome-wide binding of SEPALLATA3 and AGAMOUS complexes determined by sequential DNA-affinity purification sequencing