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The tertiary structure of the 3'-cleaved product of the genomic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme was solved by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In this structure, three single-stranded regions (SSrA, -B and -C) interact intricately with one another via hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases, phosphate oxygens and 2'-OHs to form a nested double pseudoknot structure. Among these interactions, two Watson-Crick (W-C) base pairs, 726G-710C and 727G-709C, that form between SSrA and SSrC (P1.1) seem to be especially important for compact folding. To characterize the importance of these base pairs, ribozymes were subjected to in vitro selection from a pool of RNA molecules randomly substituted at positions 709, 710, 726 and 727. The results establish the importance of the two W-C base pairs for activity, although some mutants are active with one G-C base pair. In addition, the kinetic parameters were analyzed in all 16 combinations with two canonical base pairs. Comparison of variant ribozymes with the wild-type ribozyme reveals that the difference in reaction rates for these variants (DeltaDelta G (double dagger)) is not simply accounted for by the differences in the stability of P1.1 (DeltaDelta G (0)(37)). The role played by Mg(2+)ions in formation of the P1.1 structure is also discussed.

Requirement for canonical base pairing in the short pseudoknot structure of genomic hepatitis delta virus ribozyme