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Unmodified tRNA molecules are useful for many purposes in cell-free protein biosynthesis, but there is little information about how the lack of tRNA post-transcriptional modifications affects the coding specificity for synonymous codons. In the present study, we prepared an unmodified form of Escherichia coli tRNA1Ser, which originally has the cmo5UGA anticodon (cmo5U = uridine 5-oxyacetic acid) and recognizes the UCU, UCA and UCG codons. The codon specificity of the unmodified tRNA was tested in a cell-free protein synthesis directed by designed mRNAs under competition conditions with the parent tRNA1Ser. It was found that the unmodified tRNA with the UGA anti-codon recognizes the UCA codon nearly as efficiently as the modified tRNA. The unmodified tRNA recognized the UCU codon with low, but detectable efficiency, whereas no recognition of the UCC and UCG codons was detected. Therefore, the absence of modifications makes this tRNA more specific to the UCA codon by remarkably reducing the efficiencies of wobble reading of other synonymous codons, without a significant decrease in the UCA reading efficiency.

Codon-reading specificity of an unmodified form of Escherichia coli tRNA1Ser in cell-free protein synthesis