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Retinoic acid (RA) is widely involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as embryo pattern formation. Transcription of the oncodevelopmental protein, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), is stimulated by retinoic acid (RA) in neoplastic cells. To study RA regulation of AFP gene expression, the 5'-flanking region of AFP gene was cloned and analyzed. In the present study, transfection of deletion mutants and sequence analysis revealed a retinoid X receptor response element (AFP-RXRE) located at position -139 to -127 of the AFP promoter. Synthetic AFP-RXRE was ligated into a reporter construct with the heterologous promoter and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). AFP-RXRE conferred a marked RA responsiveness in the cotransfection with retinoid X receptor (RXR), but not with retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Consistent with these data, only RXR bound to AFP-RXRE with high affinity in the mobility shift assays. Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), an orphan member of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily, also demonstrated specific binding activity to AFP-RXRE in vitro. In cotransfection assays, COUP-TF dramatically repressed the transactivation of RXR on AFP-RXRE. The mechanism of repression by COUP-TF may involve the mutual occupancy of the AFP-RXRE binding site between RXR and COUP-TF.

Transactivation and repression of the α-fetoprotein gene promoter by retinoid X receptor and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor