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The major immediate early enhancer of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is composed of unique and repeated sequence motifs, which interact with different nuclear proteins, thus forming a large nucleoprotein complex. Using DNAase I protection analysis, we determined at the nucleotide level the interactions of B cell and HeLa cell nuclear proteins with transcription factor binding sites in the enhancer/promoter. In agreement with in vivo activity, protein binding to the 18 bp repeats (kappa B element) was found predominantly with B cell extract. Competition for proteins with individual transcription factor binding sites allowed us to define boundaries of closely spaced and overlapping binding sites, and to group binding proteins into several classes. Using gel mobility shift assays, we could show that proteins, which bind to the 17 bp repeat, also bind to a classical NF1 site. In addition, several novel binding sites were identified. The presence of overlapping binding sites, together with differences in the occupation of the 18 bp repeats in the two cell types, suggest that the HCMV major IE enhancer has several possibilities of forming nucleoprotein complexes.

Formation of several specific nucleoprotein complexes on the human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer