Indel-Associated Mutation Rate Varies with Mating System in Flowering Plants

A recently proposed mutational mechanism, indel-associated mutation (IDAM), posits that heterozygous insertions/deletions (indels) increase the point mutation rate at nearby nucleotides due to errors during meiosis. This mechanism could have especially dynamic consequences for the evolution of plant genomes, because the high degree of variation in the rate of self-fertilization among plant species causes differences in the heterozygosity of alleles, including indel alleles, segregating in plant species. In this study, we investigated the consequences of IDAM for species differing in mating system using both forward population genetic simulations and genomewide DNA resequencing data from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Oryza rufipogon. Simulations of different levels of selfing suggest that the effect of IDAM on surrounding nucleotide diversity should decrease with increasing selfing rate. Further simulations incorporating selfing rates and the time of onset of selfing suggest that the time since the switch to selfing also affects patterns of nucleotide diversity due to IDAM. Population genetic analyses of A. thaliana and Oryza DNA sequence data sets empirically confirmed our simulation results, revealing the strongest effect of IDAM in the outcrossing O. rufipogon, a weaker effect in the recently evolved selfer O. sativa, and the weakest effect in the relatively ancient selfer A. thaliana. These results support the novel idea that differences in life history, such as the level of selfing, can affect the per-individual mutation rate among species.