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Phototrophic chromalveolates possess plastids surrounded by either 3 or 4 membranes, revealing their secondary endosymbiotic origin from an engulfed eukaryotic alga. In cryptophytes, a member of the chromalveolates, the organelle is embedded within a designated region of the host's rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Its eukaryotic compartments other than the plastid were reduced to the mere remains of its former cytosol, the periplastid compartment (PPC, PP space), and its nucleus, the nucleomorph, separated from the RER by its former plasma membrane, the periplast membrane (PPM). In the nucleomorph genome of the cryptophyte Guillardia theta, we identified several genes sharing homology with components of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery of yeast and higher eukaryotes, namely ORF201 and ORF477, homologs of membrane-bound proteins, Der1p (Degradation in the ER protein 1) and the RING-finger ubiquitin ligase Hrd1, and a truncated version of Udf1, a cofactor of Cdc48, a lumenal ATPase. Exemplarily, studies on the Der1-homolog ORF201 showed that this protein partially rescued a yeast deletion mutant, indicating the existence of a functional PPC-specific ERAD-like system in cryptophytes. With the noninvestigated exception of haptophytes a phylogenetically and mechanistically related system is apparently present in all chromalveolates with 4 membrane-bound plastids because amongst others, PPC-specific Derlins (Der1-like proteins), CDC48 and its cofactor Ufd1 were identified in the nuclear genomes of diatoms and apicomplexa. These proteins are equipped with the required topogenic signals to direct them into the periplastid compartment of their secondary symbionts. Based on our findings, we suggest that all chromalveolates with 4 membrane-bound plastids express an ERAD-derived machinery in the PPM of their secondary plastid, coexisting physically and systematically adjacent to the host's own ERAD system. We propose herewith that this system was functionally adapted to mediate transport of nucleus-encoded PPC/plastid preproteins from the RER into the periplastid space.

Der1-mediated Preprotein Import into the Periplastid Compartment of Chromalveolates?