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Biological control of plant diseases by the application of antagonistic micro-organisms to the plant phyllosphere is only marginally understood. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used for the identification of genes expressed after application of the non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Bk3 to the phyllosphere of the apple scab-susceptible cultivar Malus domestica cv. Holsteiner Cox. In total, 157 expressed sequence tag (EST) clones were obtained. The sequencing of 113 ESTs which have a significantly elevated transcript level and the comparison of the obtained sequences with databases revealed similarities to different classes of pathogenesis-related proteins, for example, RNase-like PR10 protein and endochitinase, or similarities to proteins expressed under stress conditions that could have a protective function, for example, a germin-like protein, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin-like proteins, and heat shock proteins. In addition, several transcripts were identified that code for proteins which have a crucial role at different stages of pathogen recognition and in signalling pathways or an as yet unknown function in plant defence. The results show that a number of transcripts encoding proteins/enzymes which are known to be up-regulated after pathogen infection are also up-regulated after the application of a non-pathogenic bacterium to a M. domestica cultivar. The expression of these proteins might increase the plant resistance towards pathogen infection and damage.

journal of experimental botany

Identification of differentially expressed genes in Malus domestica after application of the non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Bk3 to the phyllosphere