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The pattern of rDNA sequence distribution in 11 Hypochaeris species from South America and Europe has been determined by in situ hybridization using probes of 18S-5.8S-28S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes. Activity of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) was tested by silver nitrate staining and chromomycin A3 banding of Eu- ropean species was carried out. In European species the 18S-5.8S-28S rRNA genes were located in the terminal secondary constrictions and the adjacent satellites, except for one locus in H. achyrophorus. In South American species, one or two 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA loci were observed in the intercalary secondary constrictions. All the rDNA sites appeared active, except one locus in H. chillensis. With the ex- ception of H. cretensis, 5S rRNA genes were located on a single chromosome pair. In all the species analyzed, GC-rich heterochromatin has been located around the NORs. The rDNA localization indicated that chromosome rearrangements as centric shifts, centric fusions, and translocations of NORs involve in a decrease of rDNA loci number during the evolution of the complex of Hypochaeris species probably from an ancestral genome with two loci of 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA and one locus of 5S rDNA.

rDNA organization and evolutionary relationships in the genus Hypochaeris (Asteraceae)