Open AccessUrinary Concentrations of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Related Compounds in Pregnancy
Author(s) -
Guttorm Raknes,
Lena Aronsen,
Ole-Martin Fuskevåg
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
journal of analytical toxicology.
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1945-2403
pISSN - 0146-4760
DOI - 10.1093/jat/34.7.394
Subject(s) - urine , urinary system , gamma hydroxybutyrate , creatinine , chemistry , medicine , endocrinology , chromatography
Endogenous production complicates the interpretation when gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is measured in urine for forensic purposes. We performed a cross-sectional study to test the hypothesis that pregnant women have higher levels of urinary GHB than non-pregnant controls, and thus increased risk of false-positive GHB tests. GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) concentrations in urine from 66 pregnant women and 69 non-pregnant controls were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The mean GHB, GBL, and BHB concentrations were 0.36, 0.34 and 1.92 mg/L in the pregnant women, and 0.24, 0.08 and 0.40 mg/L in the control group. The pregnant women had significantly higher levels of GHB (1.5-fold), GBL (4.3-fold), and BHB (4.8-fold). Creatinine-adjusted GHB concentrations were similar in both groups. Pregnant women have higher urinary levels of GHB, GBL, and BHB. In LC-MS-MS assays not distinguishing between GHB and BHB, there is a significantly increased risk of false-positive GHB tests in pregnant women. This false-positive rate can be reduced by correcting for creatinine concentration, by using GHB-specific assays or by introducing higher interpretative cut-off levels for pregnant women in assays that do not discriminate between GHB and GBL or BHB.