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Background  Early  in vitro  studies suggested that flavophospholipol has plasmid-curing effects and could inhibit conjugation by disrupting pilus formation between bacteria.    Objectives  This 36-day controlled-challenge study aimed to evaluate the anti-conjugative and plasmid-curing effect of flavophospholipol  in vivo  on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in MDR transconjugant  Salmonella  Enteritidis in chickens.    Methods  A total of 270-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four control and four treatment groups with two doses of in-feed flavophospholipol (10 ppm and 64 ppm) and in the presence and absence of ampicillin in drinking water. Chicks were orally challenged with  Salmonella  Enteritidis with known plasmid-encoded AMR factors. Cloacal swabs were collected on Day 7, 14 and 23. On Day 35, all chickens were euthanized, and caecal tissue and content were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with a panel of 12 antimicrobials and interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints.    Results  Flavophospholipol given in-feed at 64 ppm had an anti-conjugative effect. There was a significant reduction of acquisition of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline by the recipient strains of  Salmonella  Enteritidis in treatment groups given flavophospholipol in-feed at 64 ppm ( P <  0.05). This was not seen with flavophospholipol given in-feed at 10 ppm.    Conclusions  The results demonstrate that flavophospholipol given in-feed at 64 ppm had an anti-conjugative effect. The results also suggest that AMR is reduced through other mechanisms of action, which are yet to be determined. There is insufficient evidence that flavophospholipol at 64 ppm in feed alone or with sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics had a plasmid-curing effect.

Effects of flavophospholipol on conjugation and plasmid curing of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens