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Objectives To determine the immune cell populations associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium before and after ciprofloxacin treatment using a murine model of systemic infection. The effect of depletion of immune cells associating with Salmonella on treatment outcome was also determined. Methods We infected mice with a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing GFP and used multicolour flow cytometry to identify splenic immune cell populations associating with GFP-positive Salmonella before and after treatment with ciprofloxacin. This was followed by depletion of different immune cell populations using antibodies and liposomes. Results Our results identified CD11b+CD11chi/lo (dendritic cells/macrophages) and Ly6G+CD11b+ (neutrophils) leucocytes as the main host cell populations that are associated with Salmonella after ciprofloxacin treatment. We therefore proceeded to test the effects of depletion of such populations during treatment. We show that depletion of Ly6G+CD11b+ populations resulted in an increase in the number of viable bacterial cells in the spleen at the end of ciprofloxacin treatment. Conversely, treatment with clodronate liposomes during antimicrobial treatment, which depleted the CD11b+CD11chi/lo populations, resulted in lower numbers of viable bacteria in the tissues. Conclusions Our study identified host cells where Salmonella bacteria persist during ciprofloxacin treatment and revealed a dual and opposing effect of removal of Ly6G+CD11b+ and CD11b+CD11chi/lo host cells on the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment. This suggests a dichotomy in the role of these populations in clearance/persistence of Salmonella during antimicrobial treatment.

Dual role of splenic mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the outcome of ciprofloxacin treatment of Salmonella enterica infections