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Objectives To determine clinical outcomes associated with aminoglycosides versus other antimicrobial agents as empirical treatment of hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis. Patients and methods An institutional programme promoting aminoglycosides as empirical treatment of pyelonephritis was implemented in 2016. We reviewed the hospital records of patients with pyelonephritis from January 2017 to April 2019. The primary outcome was death within 30 days of index culture. Initial treatment with aminoglycoside-based regimens was compared with non-aminoglycoside antibiotics. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for between-group differences in baseline covariates. Results The study cohort included 2026 patients, 715 treated with aminoglycosides and 1311 treated with non-aminoglycoside drugs (ceftriaxone, n = 774; piperacillin/tazobactam, n = 179; carbapenems, n = 161; and fluoroquinolones, n = 133); 589 patients (29%) had bloodstream infections. Treatment with aminoglycosides was associated with a higher likelihood of in vitro activity against clinical isolates (OR = 2.0; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Death at 30 days occurred in 55 (7.6%) versus 145 (11%) patients treated with aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycoside drugs, respectively (adjusted HR = 0.78; P = 0.013). Aminoglycosides were either superior or similar to comparator drugs in all patient subgroups, stratified according to age, glomerular filtration rate, bacteraemia, haemodynamic shock and infection with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The incidence of acute kidney injury was similar for aminoglycosides and comparators (2.5% versus 2.9%, respectively; P = 0.6). Conclusions Within the context of an institutional programme, initial empirical treatment of pyelonephritis with aminoglycosides was associated with higher rates of in vitro activity and lower overall mortality compared with non-aminoglycoside drugs, without excess nephrotoxicity.

Effectiveness and safety of an institutional aminoglycoside-based regimen as empirical treatment of patients with pyelonephritis