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A coupled biophysical model is used to explore the physical controls involved in the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom in fjords. Observations from Rivers Inlet, British Columbia, are used to force and evaluate the model. It is found that the interannual variation in timing is due primarily to variations in retention, in particular, to variations in horizontal advection out of the fjord. The two dominant processes are (i) strong outflow winds rapidly advecting the surface layer and thus the phytoplankton population out of the fjord and (ii) losses due to high river flux increasing the estuarine circulation. Both processes delay the timing of spring bloom. Smaller effects on the interannual variation are due to increased wind mixing which deepens the mixing layer and reduces light to phytoplankton, and increased river flow which increases the stratification and decreases the mixing layer depth. Observed interannual variations in cloudiness were small. Strong outflow winds are common in winter along the British Columbia coast, but generally cease after the spring wind transition. Thus, observed interdecadal variations in the spring transition date probably imply strong variations in the timing of spring phytoplankton blooms in British Columbia fjords.

Impact of advection loss due to wind and estuarine circulation on the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom in a fjord