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To improve assessments of the environmental risks of aquaculture, a series of simulated escapes of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)  from seawater netpens were performed. Individually tagged post-smolts and adult Atlantic salmon were released from various locations at  different times of the year. Post-smolts that escaped during their first summer were capable of rapid migration towards the open sea. A small  fraction returned to spawn and were recaptured after 1.3 years at sea (0.4%, range 0.0.1.1%). A total of 13% of the post-smolts that escaped  during autumn were reported in nearby fisheries during subsequent months, partly because they had grown large enough to be caught in the  gillnets used, but more importantly because migratory behaviour diminished towards the end of the year. The mean recapture rate of adult  salmon was high after releases in fjords (7.33%), lower after coastal releases (4.7%), and zero on the outer coast. Most of these recaptures  were immature fish recaptured in sea relatively close to the release site during their first months post-release. Recaptures of adult escapees after  1.2 years in the wild were very rare (0.09%), probably because of their low survival. A Monte-Carlo method was developed to estimate the annual  numbers of escapees from Norwegian fish farms based on reported catches of escaped farmed salmon in te sea and in rivers and the  recapture probabilities reported here. The model provides a tool to estimate numbers of escapees independently from the reported numbers.  Importantly, our analysis suggests that the total numbers of post-smolt and adult escapees have been two- to fourfold as high as the numbers  reported to the authorities by fish farmers, depending on whether the incomplete sea fishery statistics are compensated for

ices journal of marine science

Using simulated escape events to assess the annual numbers and destinies of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon of different life stages from farm sites in Norway