Modelling larval fish navigation: the way forward

Recent advances in high-resolution ocean circulationmodels, coupled with a greater understanding of larval behaviour, have increased the sophistication of individual-based, biophysical models used to study the dispersal of larvae in the sea. Fish larvae, in particular, have the ability to swim directionally and increasingly fast during ontogeny, indicating that they may not only disperse, but also migrate using environmental signals. How and when larvae use local and large-scale cues remains a mystery. Including three-dimensional swimming schemes into biophysical models is becoming essential to address these questions. Here, we highlight state-of-the-art modelling of vertical andhorizontalmigrations of fish larvae, aswell as current challenges inmoving towardsmore realistic larvalmovements in response to cues. Improvedunderstanding of causes fororientationwill provide insight into the evolutionary drivers of dispersal strategies for fish andmarine organisms in general.