Ranking the ecological relative status of exploited marine ecosystems

18 pages, 7 figures, 8 tablesA set of simple, data-based ecological indicators was used to rank exploited ecosystems regarding fishing impacts with respect to their status, trends, and ecosystem EAF attributes. Expected theoretical changes in indicators with respect to increasing fishing impacts were considered, and ecosystems were compared by examining the mean values of indicators in the most recent three years for which data were available and over time (1980–2005 and 1996–2005). Systems were classified into nine potential categories according to whether they were most, moderately, or least impacted, and whether they were becoming more or less impacted, or remaining stationary. The responses of ecological indicators to additional environmental and socio-economic explanatory factors were tested. Ecosystems ranked using short- and long-term trends and states differed because of differences in trends, underscoring the importance of analysing both states and trends in ecosystem analyses. The number of ecosystems classified as unclear or intermediately impacted has increased recently, the proportion of ecosystems classified as less strongly impacted has been maintained, but more now fall within the category more strongly impacted in terms of long-term trends and states. Ecosystem type, fisheries enforcement, primary production, sea temperature, and fishing type were important variables explaining the ecological indicators. The results reflect different changes and processes in the ecosystems, demonstrating that information on ecological, environmental, and fishery histories is crucial to interpreting indicators correctly, while disentangling the effects of fishing and of the environment.MC was supported financially by postdoctoral fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, by a European Commission Marie Curie Post-doctoral Fellowship through the International Outgoing Fellowships (Call FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-1-IOF) for the ECOFUN project, and by Dalhousie University (Halifax, NS, Canada). LJS was supported financially by the MEECE project and Astrid Jarre's South African Research Chair in Marine Ecology and Fisheries.Peer reviewe