Chemical Solution of Calcium carbonate in Sea Water

Sea water must be undersaturated for chemical solution of calcium carbonate to occur. A practical criterion for undersaturation is shown to be (Ca2+) (CO32-) < K'SP, where K'SP is the apparent (stoichiometric) solubility product. The calculations used in conjunction with this rule are outlined. The factors which affect K'SP are examined. These factors are temperature, salinity, pressure, crystal structure, mineral composition, particle size, adsorption of ions such as magnesium, chelation, and formation of ion pairs. The ion concentration product is affected by temperature, pressure, salinity, solution and precipitation of carbonates, and changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Oceanic data that reflect the effects of many of these factors are presented. Possible effects of the degree of saturation and of turbulence on the rate of solution of calcium carbonate are examined.