Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence from Sterility and Southern Hybridization Tests that P Cytotype Is Not Maintained in the Absence of Chromosomal P Factors

A two-generation crossing program was used to replace the entire chromosome complement of P strains by M strain chromosomes, the maternal contribution being from the P strain. The cytotype of chromosomally substituted females was indistinguishable from M strain cytotype, judged by the sterility of offspring from the cross of such females to P strain males. In addition, following replacement of the chromosomes, the level of DNA homologous to the P factor was sufficiently low to be explicable by low levels of P factor transposition. These results are consistent with immediate chromosomal control for the switching from P to M cytotype. However, the reverse chromosome substitution, replacing all chromosomes of an M strain with P chromosomes, did not usually lead to immediate change of cytotype properties, showing that there is a true maternal effect in the M to P direction. The absence of true maternal inheritance for P cytotype argues against models of P factor repression which depend on autonomous replication of a nonchromosomal element. The repression could still be explained by nonchromosomal copies of the P factor, provided that these are replenished from chromosomal P factors. A model is put forward in which P cytotype is due to the presence of circular P factors carrying a P factor target sequence, leading to preferential transposition of chromosomal P factors to nonchromosomal target sites.