Spatial control of cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria

The mycobacterial cell envelope is a complex multilayered structure that provides the strength to the rod-shaped cell and creates the permeability barrier against antibiotics and host immune attack. In this review, we will discuss the spatial coordination of cell envelope biosynthesis and how plasma membrane compartmentalization plays a role in this process. The spatial organization of cell envelope biosynthetic enzymes as well as other membrane-associated proteins is crucial for cellular processes such as polar growth and midcell septum formation. We will highlight metabolic enzymes involved in the localized biosynthesis of envelope components such as peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and outer/inner membrane lipids. The known and potential roles of cytoskeletal and coiled coil proteins in driving subcellular protein localization will also be summarized. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of known lateral heterogeneities in mycobacterial plasma membrane, with a particular focus on the intracellular membrane domain, recently revealed by biochemical fractionation and fluorescence microscopy. We consider how this dynamic and multifunctional membrane microdomain contributes to the subcellular localization of membrane proteins and spatially restricted cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria.