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Red snow is a well-known phenomenon caused by microalgae thriving in alpine and polar regions during the melting season. The ecology and biodiversity of these organisms, which are adapted to low temperatures, high irradiance and freeze–thaw events, are still poorly understood. We compared two different snow habitats containing two different green algal genera in the European Alps, namely algae blooming in seasonal rock-based snowfields ( Chlamydomonas nivalis ) and algae dominating waterlogged snow bedded over ice ( Chlainomonas  sp.). Despite the morphological similarity of the red spores found at the snow surface, we found differences in intracellular organization investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and in secondary pigments investigated by chromatographic analysis in combination with mass spectrometry. Spores of  Chlainomonas  sp. show clear differences from  Chlamydomonas nivalis  in cell wall arrangement and plastid organization. Active photosynthesis at ambient temperatures indicates a high physiological activity, despite no cell division being present. Lipid bodies containing the carotenoid astaxanthin, which produces the red color, dominate cells of both species, but are modified differently. While in  Chlainomonas  sp. astaxanthin is mainly esterified with two fatty acids and is more apolar, in  Chamydomonas nivalis , in contrast, less apolar monoesters prevail.

fems microbiology ecology/fems microbiology, ecology

Ecophysiology, secondary pigments and ultrastructure of<i>Chlainomonas</i>sp. (Chlorophyta) from the European Alps compared with<i>Chlamydomonas nivalis</i>forming red snow

Ecophysiology, secondary pigments and ultrastructure ofChlainomonassp. (Chlorophyta) from the European Alps compared withChlamydomonas nivalisforming red snow