Identification of Lignans as Major Components in the Phenolic Fraction of Olive Oil

BACKGROUNDBecause olive oil is an important component of the Mediterranean diet, it is necessary to establish unequivocal identification of the major potential antioxidant phenolic compounds it contains.METHODSThe major phenolic antioxidants in extra virgin olive oil were isolated and purified. Structural analysis was conducted using several spectroscopic techniques, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In particular, detailed (1)H and (13)C NMR data are presented, and several assignment errors in the literature are corrected.RESULTSThe data show for the first time that the lignans (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol and (+)-pinoresinol are major components of the phenolic fraction of olive oils. These lignans, which are potent antioxidants, are absent in seed oils and virtually absent in refined virgin oils but are present at concentrations of up to 100 mg/kg (mean +/- SE, 41.53+/-3.93 mg/kg; range, 0.65-99.97 mg/kg) in extra virgin oils. As with the simple phenols and secoiridoids, there is considerable interoil variation in lignan concentrations. Foods containing high amounts of lignan precursors have been found to be protective against breast, colon, and prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONLignans, as natural components of the diet, may be important modulators of cancer chemopreventive activity.