Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management— New Paradigm Shift Narratives

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a major infectious disease problem due to the increasing numbers of patients undergoing valve replacement surgery. PVE can present diagnostic difficulties echocardiographically, especially when complicating transvascular placement techniques. Moreover, outbreaks of unusual PVE pathogens, such as Mycobacterium chimaera, have presented major diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.