Notice of retraction

The fungal degradation of toxic alkaloids, papaverine and harmaline, which present in some wild grass, were firstly investigated by using the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The fungi could quickly degrade the papaverine and harmaline, especially in the case of P. chrysosporium in Mn-including medium. The nutrient nitrogen concentration had a great effect on the degradation rate of substrates. The papaverine was degraded more effectively under low concentration of nitrogen (LN) condition. But the harmaline could be greatly degraded under both low and high nitrogen concentration. These results strongly suggest that the lignindegrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium have great potential in degradation of toxic alkaloids of wild grass. Keywordsbiodegradation; papaverine and harmaline; Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Peroxidase