Metabolomic profiling in small vessel disease identifies multiple associations with disease severity

Cerebral small vessel disease is a major cause of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. There are few treatments, largely reflecting limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Metabolomics can be used to identify novel risk factors in order to better understand pathogenesis and to predict disease progression and severity. We analysed data from 624 patients with symptomatic cerebral small vessel disease from two prospective cohort studies. Serum samples were collected at baseline and patients underwent MRI scans and cognitive testing at regular intervals with up to 14 years of follow-up. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we obtained metabolic and lipidomic profiles from 369 annotated metabolites and 54,764 unannotated features and examined their association with respect to disease severity, assessed using MRI small vessel disease markers, cognition, and future risk of all-cause dementia. Our analysis identified 28 metabolites that were significantly associated with small vessel disease imaging markers and cognition. Decreased levels of multiple glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were associated with increased small vessel disease load as evidenced by higher white matter hyperintensities volume, lower mean diffusivity normalised peak height, greater brain atrophy, and impaired cognition. Higher levels of creatine, FA(18:2(OH)), and SM(d18:2/24:1) were associated with increased lacune count, higher white matter hyperintensities volume, and impaired cognition. Lower baseline levels of carnitines and creatinine were associated with higher annualised change in peak width of skeletonised mean diffusivity, and 25 metabolites, including lipoprotein subclasses, amino acids, and xenobiotics, were associated with future dementia incidence. Our results show multiple distinct metabolic signatures that are associated with imaging markers of small vessel disease, cognition, and conversion to dementia. Further research should assess causality and the use of metabolomic screening to improve the ability to predict future disease severity and dementia risk in small vessel disease. The metabolomic profiles may also provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and help identify novel treatment approaches.