Simulation of heterogeneous tumour genomes with HeteroGenesis and in silico whole exome sequencing

Tumour evolution results in progressive cancer phenotypes such as metastatic spread and treatment resistance. To better treat cancers, we must characterize tumour evolution and the genetic events that confer progressive phenotypes. This is facilitated by high coverage genome or exome sequencing. However, the best approach by which, or indeed whether, these data can be used to accurately model and interpret underlying evolutionary dynamics is yet to be confirmed. Establishing this requires sequencing data from appropriately heterogeneous tumours in which the exact trajectory and combination of events occurring throughout its evolution are known. We therefore developed HeteroGenesis: a tool to generate realistically evolved tumour genomes, which can be sequenced using weighted-Wessim (w-Wessim), an in silico exome sequencing tool that we have adapted from previous methods. HeteroGenesis simulates more complex and realistic heterogeneous tumour genomes than existing methods, can model different evolutionary dynamics, and enables the creation of multi-region and longitudinal data.