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Extra pair paternity is widespread in birds,  but  its high  variability across years, populations, and  species is to a great  extent unre- solved. Here  we explored, during 2 breeding seasons,  population and  individual  accessibility to fertile  females  at different spa- tiotemporal scales in a population of pied  flycatchers  (Ficedula    hy poleuca) to understand whether individual  patterns of extra  pair paternity were due  to adaptive  individual  behavior  or ecological  constraints. Our  aim was to comprehend variation  in extra  pair paternity population patterns through the understanding of individual  behavior.  At the population level, extra pair paternity prob- ability decayed with distance  between  nests. At the individual  level, however, males engaged in extra pair paternity with distant  (up to 390 m)  females  despite  the  fact that  there were often  fertile  females  in closer  territories. Extra  pair  paternity cases occurred mostly during egg laying and  the  incubation of the  extra  pair  male’s social female  despite  that  other neighboring females  were fertile  before  and  after  these  periods. Results suggest  a male  strategy to maximize  reproductive output by guarding their  social females  during their  peak  of fertility,  seeking  extra  pair  paternity afterwards  and  investing  in parental duties  once  their  social nestlings  hatch.  This may explain  why extra  pair paternity rate was higher in the year with lower breeding synchrony,  because  this allowed early-breeding males to have more  extra  pair paternity opportunities after their  social mate  laying onset.  This study high- lights the necessity of considering the social contexts  of individuals  at the spatiotemporal scales at which extra  pair paternity takes place to understand variation  in extra  pair paternity patterns at the individual  and population levels. Key	ords breeding phenol- ogy, Ficedula  hy poleuca, genetic  polygamy, pied flycatcher,  population density, synchronyPeer reviewe

Male decisions or female accessibility? Spatiotemporal patterns of extra pair paternity in a songbird