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We examined the reactions of captive wild great tits to novel unpalatable prey with (1) a traditional aposematic signal (black and yellow) (2) a novel signal (light pink), and (3) a control signal (brown). Prey were offered either singly or in groups to see whether novel signals with fewer possibilities for synergistic benefits are more dependent on grouping than are the traditional signals. Indeed, responses of birds toward unpalatable prey depended significantly on spatial distribution of prey (grouping versus solitary) and die type of die signal. Birds avoided more the traditional black and yellow signals than novel pink signals in both experimental set ups, but both of diese prey items survived better in aggregation than solitarily. The success of traditional signals may demonstrate the importance of synergistic selection across species in die evolution of warning coloration (Le., Mullerian mimicry). Unpalatable prey individuals benefit strongly from using irimilar color patterns. Our results suggest that aggregation may be important for die evolution of novel signals in particular, even if a synergistic selection component is also present Key words. Aposematism, great tit, gregariousness, novel signal, Parus major, traditional signal. [B*hav Ecol 8:174-177 (1997)]

Effects of novelty and gregariousness in survival of aposematic prey