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Endemism in mountain ranges is considered to be the result of a number of factors, including restriction to refugia during Pleistocene climate fluctuations. However, isolation in glacial refugia cannot explain the origin of narrowly endemic taxa restricted to formerly heavily glaciated areas. Here, we investigate the phylogeny of two narrowly endemic species,  Euphrasia inopinata  and  E. sinuata  (Orobanchaceae), found exclusively in formerly heavily glaciated areas of the eastern European Alps. As both species are diploid and very similar to the widespread (allo)polyploid  E. minima , we test whether the restricted distributions of  E. inopinata  and  E. sinuata  are relictual, i.e. the two species are ancestral diploid remnants of a polyploid complex, or whether they are derived, i.e. the two species are peripheral segregates of a more widespread diploid. Based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint data it is shown that  E. inopinata  and  E. sinuata , whose diploid ploidy level is confirmed for all analysed individuals via flow cytometry, are phylogenetically closely related to diploid  E. alpina  s. l. (series  Alpinae ) instead of  E. minima  (series  Parviflorae ). In addition, there is no evidence that these two diploid species participated in the formation of allotetraploid  E. minima . Thus,  E. inopinata  and  E. sinuata  are interpreted as peripheral segregates of the widespread  E. alpina  s. l. Shifts in pollination system from allogamy in  E. alpina  s. l. to autogamy in  E. inopinata  and  E. sinuata , genetic drift in small populations and geographic isolation at the periphery of the range of  E. alpina  s. str. probably contributed to the morphological and ecological differentiation of  E. inopinata  and  E. sinuata .

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Ancestral remnants or peripheral segregates? Phylogenetic relationships of two narrowly endemic<i>Euphrasia</i>species (Orobanchaceae) from the eastern European Alps

Ancestral remnants or peripheral segregates? Phylogenetic relationships of two narrowly endemicEuphrasiaspecies (Orobanchaceae) from the eastern European Alps