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We test whether the invasive earthworm  Lumbricus terrestris  and leaf litter of the invasive herbaceous plant  Alliaria petiolata  interact to influence the native plant,  Podophyllum peltatum , using both observational field data and a multi-year experiment. We hypothesized invader interactive effects on the native plant might result from either changes in allelochemical distribution in the soil or nutrient availability mediated by the invasive earthworm pulling leaf litter down into the soil. Within the field data we found that  Alliaria petiolata  presence and higher soil nitrogen correlated with reduced  Podophyllum peltatum  cover, and no evidence for an invader–invader interaction. Within the factorial experiment, we found a super-additive effect of the two invaders on plant biomass only when activated carbon was present. In the absence of activated carbon, there were no differences in  Podophyllum peltatum  biomass across treatments. In the presence of activated carbon,  Podophyllum peltatum  biomass was significantly reduced by the presence of both  Lumbricus terrestris  and  Alliaria petiolata  leaf litter. The absence of an effect of  Alliaria petiolata  leaves without activated carbon, combined with a failure to detect arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, suggests that indirect effects of allelochemicals on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were not the primary driver of treatment responses. Rather direct nutrient availability might influence a potential interaction between these invaders. Leaf nitrogen content was higher and leaf CO 2  concentration was lower in the presence of  Lumbricus terrestris , but treatment did not influence maximum photosynthetic rate. While the field data do not suggest a negative interaction between these invaders, the experiment suggests that such an interaction is possible with greater environmental stress, such as increasing nitrogen deposition. Further, even plants with rapid physiological responses to increased nitrogen availability may have other physiological limits on growth that prevent them from compensating from the harm caused by multiple invaders.

aob plants

Potential interactive effects between invasive Lumbricus terrestris earthworms and the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata on a native plant Podophyllum peltatum in northeastern Ohio, USA