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Background and Aims C4 plants have higher photosynthetic capacity than C3 plants, but this advantage comes at an energetic cost that is problematic under low light. In the crop canopy, lower leaves first develop under high light but later experience low light because of mutual shading. To explore the re-acclimation of C4 leaves to low light, we investigated the structural and physiological changes of the leaves of maize plants grown in shaded pots. Methods Plants were first grown under high light, and then some of them were shaded (20 % of sunlight) for 3 weeks. Four types of leaves were examined: new leaves that developed under low light during shading (L), new leaves that developed under high light (H), mature leaves that developed under high light before shading and were then subjected to low light (H–L) and mature leaves that always experienced high light (H–H). Key Results The leaf mass per area, nitrogen and chlorophyll contents per unit leaf area, chlorophyll a/b ratio and activities of C3 and C4 photosynthetic enzymes were lower in H–L than in H–H leaves and in L than in H leaves. Unlike L leaves, H–L leaves maintained the thickness and framework of the Kranz anatomy of H leaves, but chloroplast contents in H–L leaves were reduced. This reduction of chloroplast contents was achieved mainly by reducing the size of chloroplasts. Although grana of mesophyll chloroplasts were more developed in L leaves than in H leaves, there were no differences between H–L and H–H leaves. The light curves of photosynthesis in H–L and L leaves were very similar and showed traits of shade leaves. Conclusions Mature maize leaves that developed under high light re-acclimate to low-light environments by adjusting their biochemical traits and chloroplast contents to resemble shade leaves but maintain the anatomical framework of sun leaves.

Structural and photosynthetic re-acclimation to low light in C4 maize leaves that developed under high light