The why and how of sunken stomata: does the behaviour of encrypted stomata and the leaf cuticle matter?

Background Stomatal pores in many species are separated from the free atmosphere by different anatomical obstacles produced by leaf epidermal cells, especially by sunken stomatal crypts, stomatal antechambers and/or hairs (trichomes). The evolutionary driving forces leading to sunken or “hidden” stomata whose antechambers are filled with hairs or waxy plugs are not fully understood. The available hypothetical explanations are based mainly on mathematical modelling of water and CO2 diffusion through superficial versus sunken stomata, and studies of comparative autecology. A better understanding of this phenomenon may result from examining the interactions between leaf cuticle and stomata and from functional comparisons of sunken versus superficially positioned stomata, especially when transpiration is low, for example at night or during severe drought. Scope I review recent ideas on why stomata are hidden and test experimentally whether hidden stomata may behave differently from those not covered by epidermal structures and so are coupled more closely to the free atmosphere. I also quantify the contribution of stomatal versus cuticular transpiration at night using four species with sunken stomata and three s with superficial stomata. Conclusions Partitioning of leaf conductance in darkness (gtw) into stomatal and cuticular contributions revealed that stomatal conductance dominated gtw across all 7 investigated species with differently pronounced antechambers. Hidden stomata contributed, on average, less to gtw (ca. 70 %) than superficial stomata (ca. 80 %) and reduced their contribution dramatically with increasing gtw. By contrast, species with superficial stomata kept their proportion in gtw invariant across a broad range of gtw. Mechanisms behind the specific behaviour of hidden stomata and multipurpose origin of sunken stomata are discussed.