Modification of the Excess Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Due to Smoking by Seafood/Fish Intake
Author(s) -
Ehab S. Eshak,
Hiroyasu Iso,
Kazumasa Yamagishi,
Yoshihiro Kokubo,
Isao Saito,
Hiroshi Yatsuya,
Norie Sawada,
Mai Inoue,
Shoichiro Tsugane,
Toshikazu Sobue,
Tomoyuki Hanaoka,
Jun Ogata,
Shunroku Baba,
Toshifumi Mannami,
Akira Okayama,
Keiko Miyakawa,
Fumio Saito,
Akito Koizumi,
Yoko Sano,
Isamu Hashimoto,
Takeshi Ikuta,
Yoshimichi Miyajima,
Nobuo Suzuki,
S. Nagasawa,
Y. Furusugi,
N Nagai,
Hironobu Sanada,
Yoshiomi Hatayama,
F Kobayashi,
H Uchino,
Yoshiro Shirai,
Takeshi Kondo,
Ryohei Sasaki,
Y. Watanabe,
Yusuke Miyagawa,
Yasuki Kobayashi,
Yoshimi Kishimoto,
E Takara,
T. Fukuyama,
M. Kinjo,
M. Irei,
H. Sakiyama,
Kenta Imoto,
H. Yazawa,
Toru Seo,
A. Seiko,
Fumiaki Ito,
Fumi Shoji,
Azusa Murata,
Kotaro Minato,
K. Motegi,
T. Fujieda,
Ko Matsui,
K. Abe,
Mikio Katagiri,
Masataka Suzuki,
Masayuki Doi,
Akira Terao,
Yuichi Ishikawa,
Travis Tagami,
H. Sueta,
Hideki Doi,
M. Urata,
Naotaka Okamoto,
F. Ide,
N. Onga,
H. Takaesu,
Masashi Uehara,
F. Horii,
I. Asano,
Hironori Yamaguchi,
K. Aoki,
Shusaku Maruyama,
M. Ichii,
M. Takano,
Yoshitaka Tsubono,
Kentaro Suzuki,
Yuki Honda,
S. Sakurai,
Michinori Kabuto,
Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi,
Yasushi Matsumura,
Satoshi Sasaki,
Sayumi Watanabe,
Masafumi Akabane,
Takashi Kadowaki,
Mitsuhiko Noda,
Yoshio Kawaguchi,
Yutaka Takashima,
Kei Nakamura,
Shosui MATSUSHIMA,
S. Natsukawa,
Hiroyuki Shimizu,
Hiroyuki Sugimura,
Suketami Tominaga,
M Iida,
Wakiko Ajiki,
Akiko Ioka,
Shumpei Sato,
E. Maruyama,
Masamitsu Konishi,
Katsutoshi Okada,
Nobufumi Yasuda,
Suminori Kono
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
american journal of epidemiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.33
H-Index - 256
eISSN - 1476-6256
pISSN - 0002-9262
DOI - 10.1093/aje/kwu030
Subject(s) - fish <actinopterygii> , medicine , coronary heart disease , environmental health , fishery , biology
Seafood/fish intake has been regarded as a protective factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), while smoking is a strong risk factor. To examine whether associations between smoking and risk of CHD are modified by seafood/fish intake, we studied 72,012 Japanese men and women aged 45-74 years who completed 2 food frequency questionnaires, 5 years apart, during the period 1995-2009. After 878,163 person-years of follow-up, 584 incident cases of CHD (101 fatal and 483 nonfatal), including 516 myocardial infarctions, were documented. There was a clear dose-response association between smoking and CHD risk among subjects with a low seafood/fish intake (<86 g/day) but not among those with a high seafood/fish intake (≥86 g/day). Compared with never smokers, the multivariable hazard ratios in light (1-19 cigarettes/day), moderate (20-29 cigarettes/day), and heavy (≥30 cigarettes/day) smokers were 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60, 3.56), 2.74 (95% CI: 1.90, 3.95), and 3.24 (95% CI: 2.12, 4.95), respectively, among low seafood/fish eaters and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.99), 1.29 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.04), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.51), respectively, among high seafood/fish eaters. Compared with heavy smokers with a low seafood/fish intake, light smokers with a high seafood/fish intake had substantially reduced risk of CHD (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98). High seafood/fish intake attenuated the positive association between smoking and risk of CHD.
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