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Dementia is increasingly becoming a target of major attention and concern not only for clinicians but also for society and political policy makers. Its devastating individual, familial and social impacts, together with the expected rise in prevalence in the next few years, will challenge the limited resources of health care systems in Western societies [1]. In the absence of short term curative treatment(s), more investment and reorganisation of both health and care services is mandatory to support both the rapidly increasing number of dementia sufferers and their carers. Although members of the medical profession engaged in the treatment of elderly people with dementia (e.g. old age psychiatrists, geriatricians, neurologists and general practitioners) are committed to this effort by ensuring that patients are appropriately assessed and provided with the best treatment available at the moment, they must deal with far from ideal conditions to accomplish this purpose. Recently the Joint Committee on Human Rights found serious problems in the care of elderly people in the United Kingdom [2]. Also, as stated by the National Audit Report [3], until now dementia has not been given the necessary priority by policy makers. In this context, update of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for dementia in November 2006 [4] and the recent judicial review on 10 August 2007 imposing restrictions on prescription of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) has caused even more apprehension not only to dementia sufferers and their carers but also to those already facing numerous constraints when trying to provide the best care to this vulnerable population. There is widespread consensus about the necessity to reconcile individual needs of patients with the limited resources of the NHS, especially for high-priced technologies or medications which could easily result in escalating costs. There is no doubt that the process of clinical decision must be grounded on the best available scientific information at the moment. However, controversy arises when the new paradigm of ‘evidence-based medicine’ is seen as an instrument to address economic issues through direct interference in clinical decisions. One of the questions arising following dialogue between pharmaco-economics and clinical medicine is whether and to what extent the economic perspective should be integrated into the clinical decision-making process. How can this be done without challenging the norms of good practice by which clinicians must prioritise their patients’ care, ensuring that they receive the best possible treatment for their condition? The NICE guidelines are a major contribution to the summary and systematisation of all available information about pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of cognitive and behavioural symptoms in dementia. However, we must not overlook that by using a probabilistic and inductive model, the methodology underlying the NICE recommendations has great limitations when applied to individual cases in a routine clinical setting. Indeed, it could be imprudent to use a rigid standardised approach in clinical medicine where the complexity and variety of cases require a thorough approach to identify all possible factors in the specific pathological process (Figure 1). For example, the diagnosis of dementia in an individual patient is rarely straightforward. After a clinical and imaging assessment it becomes apparent that different types of comorbidity and pathology exist simultaneously, and the clinical decision must be made judiciously to establish the predominant pathology contributing to the dementia syndrome. Another problem is whether the passive application of these guidelines will become a substitute for clinical decision rather than acting as a useful instrument in the clinical decision-making process. By automatically and rigidly following a flow-chart based on the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, the clinician would miss the complexity involved in making a therapeutic decision, deferring to the guidelines with ominous consequences (Appendix 1, available online). If this were the case, despite the false idea of security that would prevail, errors, waste of resources and ultimately serious consequences to patients would certainly result. One of the NICE statements advises ‘health care professionals should not rely on MMSE score in certain circumstances’. We wonder if they should rely on MMSE score alone in any circumstance. Indeed, just one item (concentration and attention question) on this scale can give a variability in the score of up to 4 points [5]. Furthermore, in clinical practice, variability of the overall MMSE score can

Treating dementia: will the NICE guidance 2006 change our clinical practice?