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Background:  Summer weight gain and fitness loss has been identified as a public health concern for children. The objective of this study was to compare changes in weight status and cardiovascular fitness in children attending year-round and traditional calendar schools.  Methods:  Participants were 321 children from a traditional and year-round school. BMI and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) Laps were collected during school. Multilevel general linear mixed-effects models were utilized to examine changes in BMI and PACER over the summer while also considering summer camp and sport participation.  Results:  Children had higher BMI z -scores during Fall 2018 compared with Spring 2018 ( b  = 0.09, p  = 0.006). This effect was modified by Break Length, as students with 3-week ( b  = -0.09, p  = 0.012) and 7-week breaks ( b  = -0.10, p  = 0.003) displayed attenuated increases in BMI z -scores compared with 12-week breaks. For PACER Laps, students who participated in summer sports displayed improvements compared with nonparticipants ( b  = 4.6 laps, p  = 0.001).  Conclusions:  Shorter summer breaks appear to have a protective effect on summer weight gain when compared with a traditional 12-week break. In addition, children who participated in organized sport over the summer did see a significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness. Schools might consider a year-round school calendar for its potential to protect against summer weight gain.

Impact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss