Solid Phase Micro Extraction: Potential for Organic Contamination Control for Planetary Protection of Life-Detection Missions to the Icy Moons of the Outer Solar System

Conclusively detecting, or ruling out the possibility of, life on the icy moons of the outer Solar System will require spacecraft missions to undergo rigorous planetary protection and contamination control procedures to achieve extremely low levels of organic terrestrial contamination. Contamination control is necessary to avoid forward contamination of the body of interest and to avoid the detection of false-positive signals, which could either mask indigenous organic chemistry of interest or cause an astrobiological false alarm. Here we test a new method for rapidly and inexpensively assessing the organic cleanliness of spaceflight hardware surfaces using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) fibers to directly swab surfaces. The results suggest that the method is both time and cost efficient. The SPME-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) method is sensitive to common midweight, nonpolar contaminant compounds, for example, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are common contaminants in laboratory settings. While we demonstrate the potential of SPME for surface sampling, the GC-MS instrumentation restricts the SPME-GC-MS technique's sensitivity to larger polar and nonvolatile compounds. Although not used in this study, to increase the potential range of detectable compounds, SPME can also be used in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry systems suitable for polar analytes (Kataoka et al., 2000). Thus, our SPME method presents an opportunity to monitor organic contamination in a relatively rapid and routine way that produces information-rich data sets.