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To assess the relationship between mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and clinical pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance, polymerase chain reaction surveys and analyses for new mutations were conducted in four countries with increasing levels of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance: Mali, Kenya, Malawi, and Bolivia. Prevalence of mutations at DHFR codon 108 and a new mutation at DHPS 540 correlated with increased pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance (P &lt; .05). Mutations at DHFR 51, DHFR 59, and DHPS 437 correlated with resistance without achieving statistical significance. Mutations at DHFR 164 and DHPS 581 were common in Bolivia, where pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance is widespread, but absent in African sites. Two new DHFR mutations, a point mutation at codon 50 and an insert at codon 30, were found only in Bolivia. DHFR and DHPS mutations occur in a progressive, stepwise fashion. Identification of specific sets of mutations causing in vivo drug failure may lead to the development of molecular surveillance methods for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance.

the journal of infectious diseases (online. university of chicago press)/the journal of infectious diseases

Mutations in<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase and Epidemiologic Patterns of Pyrimethamine‐Sulfadoxine Use and Resistance

Mutations inPlasmodium falciparumDihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase and Epidemiologic Patterns of Pyrimethamine‐Sulfadoxine Use and Resistance