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We observed the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509 simultaneously with Chandra/HETG,HST/STIS and RXTE. We measure strong absorption lines from He-like Ne and Mg,and from H-like N, O, and Ne. The lines are unresolved except for Ne Lya and NeIX(r). The absorption-line profiles are blueshifted by ~200 km/s with respectto the systemic velocity of Mrk 509, and there is a hint of another componentnear systemic. The soft X-ray spectrum can be described in remarkable detailwith a simple, single-zone photoionized absorber with a column density of 2.06(+0.39,-0.45) x 10^21 cm^-2 and an ionization parameter of log{xi} = 1.76(+0.13,-0.14) (or log{U}=0.27). The UV data, on the other hand, can easilydetect eight kinematic components, covering roughly the same velocities as theX-ray absorption profiles. Even though the X-ray and UV absorbers share thesame velocity space, the UV absorbers have a much smaller column density andionization state. We show that models of the X-ray data do not predictsignificant UV absorption and are therefore consistent with the UV data. The UVabsorbers could be embedded in the X-ray absorber, as a multiphase medium.Finally, we do not detect any soft X-ray emission lines.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 66 pages, 14  figures, six of them color. Abstract is abridge

The Kinematics and Physical Conditions of the Ionized Gas in Markarian 509. I.ChandraHigh Energy Grating Spectroscopy