Most Supermassive Black Holes Must Be Rapidly Rotating | Zendy

M. Elvis | Zendy; G. Risaliti | Zendy; G. Zamorani | Zendy

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Most Supermassive Black Holes Must Be Rapidly Rotating

Author(s) -

M. Elvis,

G. Risaliti,

G. Zamorani

Publication year - 2002

Publication title -

the astrophysical journal

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Journals

SCImago Journal Rank - 2.376

H-Index - 489

eISSN - 1538-4357

pISSN - 0004-637X

DOI - 10.1086/339197

Subject(s) - supermassive black hole , physics , astrophysics , quasar , intermediate mass black hole , accretion (finance) , galaxy , black hole (networking) , gamma ray burst progenitors , stellar black hole , astronomy , spectral energy distribution , binary black hole , luminosity , computer network , routing protocol , routing (electronic design automation) , computer science , gravitational wave , link state routing protocol

We use the integrated spectrum of the X-ray background and quasars SpectralEnergy Distribution to derive the contribution of quasars to the energy outputof the Universe. We find a lower limit for the energy from accretion onto blackholes of 6%, of the total luminosity of the Universe and probably more, with15% quite possible. Comparing these values with the masses of black holes inthe center of nearby galaxies we show that the accretion process must be onaverage very efficient: at least 15% of the accreted mass must be transformedinto radiated energy. This further implies that most supermassive black holesare rapidly rotating.Comment: 8 Pages, Astrophysical Journal Letters, in pres

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