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The re-emergence of diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s raised global awareness of the potential for resurgent disease in countries with long-standing immunization programs. In the United States, the large population of susceptible adults and the possibility of a reintroduction of toxigenic strains of diphtheria create a setting in which diphtheria could spread. In addition, at least one focus of continued circulation of endemic toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been identified. Few physicians now have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of persons with diphtheria, and laboratory capacity is lacking throughout the country. These concerns highlight the importance of maintaining high levels of age-appropriate diphtheria toxoid vaccination, surveillance, accessible and reliable laboratory testing, and training of health care providers. Although the risk of resurgence of diphtheria in the United States is low, public health authorities must ensure that the capacity to recognize, diagnose, and control diphtheria is maintained.

Epidemic Diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: Implications for Diphtheria Control in the United States