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Observed charge states of solar energetic ions by Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer and Advanced Composition Explorer from recent large solar events in 1992 and 1997 show an energy-dependent feature that apparently has not been seen in earlier events, e.g., in 1978–1979. The mean charge state of iron, and to a lesser extent other heavy ions, was observed to increase with energy from ∼0.5 to ∼50 MeV nucleon^(-1). We present a possible explanation for this new feature and discuss potential implications for models of particle acceleration. Our calculation suggests that this energy-dependent feature is a result of the charge-changing and energy-changing processes taking place concurrently and can be absent when the processes act over different timescales.

Charge States of Solar Energetic Iron: Nonequilibrium Calculation with Shock-induced Acceleration