The structural H19 gene is required for transgene imprinting

The product of theH19 gene is an untranslated RNA that is expressed exclusively from the maternal chromosome during mammalian development. TheH19 gene and its 5′-flanking sequence are required for the genomic imprinting of two paternally expressed genes,Ins-2 (encodes insulin-2) andIgf-2 (encodes insulin-like growth factor-2), that lie 90 and 115 kb 5′ to theH19 gene, respectively. In this report, the role of theH19 gene in its own imprinting is investigated by introducing aMus spretus H19 gene into heterologous locations in the mouse genome. Multiple copies of the transgene were sufficient for its paternal silencing and DNA methylation. Replacing theH19 structural gene with a luciferase reporter gene resulted in loss of imprinting of the transgene. That is, high expression and low levels of DNA methylation were observed upon both paternal and maternal inheritance. The removal of 701 bp at the 5′ end of the structural gene resulted in a similar loss of paternal-specific DNA methylation, arguing that those sequences are required for both the establishment and maintenance of the sperm-specific gametic mark. TheM. spretus H19 transgene could not rescue the loss ofIgf-2 imprinting in trans inH19 deletion mice, implying a cis requirement for theH19 gene. In contrast to a previous report in which overexpression of a markedH19 gene was a prenatal lethal, expression of theM. spretus transgene had no deleterious effect, leading to the conclusion that the 20-base insertion in the marked gene created a neomorphic mutation.