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Using a sensitive histofluorescence staining method that allows for a quantitation of neuronal death, we compared the protective effects of gangliosides (a group of naturally occurring glycosphingolipids), phencyclidine (PCP), and MK-801 (dibenzocyclohepteneimine) on glutamate- and kainate-induced neuronal death in primary cultures of cortical and cerebellar neurons prepared from neonatal rats. PCP and MK-801 block neurotoxicity induced by glutamate doses 50 times higher than the LD50 (LD50 in Mg2+-free medium, 10 microM) but only partially block the kainate neurotoxicity (LD50 in presence of Mg2+, 100 microM). In contrast, pretreatment with gangliosides (GT1b greater than GD1b greater than GM1) results in complete and insurmountable protection against the neurotoxicity elicited by glutamate or kainate. In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells gangliosides, unlike PCP and MK-801, fail to block glutamate-gated cationic currents and the glutamate-evoked increase of (i) inositol phospholipid hydrolysis (ii) c-fos mRNA content, and (iii) nuclear accumulation of c-fos protein. Protection of glutamate neurotoxicity by gangliosides does not require their presence in the incubation medium; however, it is proportional to the amount of glycosphingolipid accumulated in the neuronal membranes. The ganglioside concentration (30-60 microM) that blocks glutamate-elicited neuronal death also prevents glutamate- and kainate-induced protein kinase C translocation from cytosol to neuronal membranes.

Gangliosides prevent glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum and cortex.