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Significance The heart autoregulates its contractile strength to maintain cardiac output when pumping blood against the mechanical afterload from vascular resistance. Increased afterload in cardiovascular diseases is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we studied the afterload effect on electrophysiology by embedding single cardiomyocytes in a three-dimensional viscoelastic hydrogel to apply afterload during cell contraction. We found that afterload is acutely transduced via nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) signaling to modulate multiple ion channels to prolong action potential, increase Ca2+ transient, and enhance contractility. However, higher afterload causes a discordant alternans that is arrhythmogenic. Hence, our findings reveal an afterload-induced mechano-chemo-electro-transduction pathway that closes feedback loops in cardiac excitation–contraction coupling to enable autoregulation of contractility.

Mechanoelectric coupling and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocytes contracting under mechanical afterload in a 3D viscoelastic hydrogel