Open AccessMultiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years
Author(s) -
Maximilian Larena,
Federico Sánchez-Quinto,
Per Sjödin,
James R. McKenna,
Carlo Ebeo,
Rebecca Reyes,
Ophelia Casel,
Jinyuan Huang,
Kim Pullupul Hagada,
Dennis Guilay,
Jennelyn Reyes,
Fatima Pir Allian,
Virgilio Mori,
Lahaina Sue Azarcon,
Alma B. Manera,
Celito Terando,
Lucio Jamero,
Gauden Sireg,
Renefe Manginsay-Tremedal,
Maria Shiela Labos,
Richard Dian Vilar,
Acram Latiph,
Rodelio Linsahay Saway,
Erwin Marte,
Pablito Magbanua,
Amor Morales,
Ismael Java,
Rudy Reveche,
Becky Barrios,
Erlinda M. Burton,
Jesus Christopher Salon,
Ma Junaliah Tuazon Kels,
A. Albano,
Rose Beatrix Cruz-Angeles,
Edison Molanida,
Lena Granehäll,
Mário Vicente,
Hanna Edlund,
JunHun Loo,
J. Tréjaut,
Simon Y. W. Ho,
Lawrence A. Reid,
Helena Malmström,
Carina M. Schlebusch,
Kurt Lambeck,
Phillip Endicott,
Mattias Jakobsson
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1091-6490
pISSN - 0027-8424
DOI - 10.1073/pnas.2026132118
Subject(s) - indigenous , biological dispersal , geography , human migration , east asia , southeast asia , gene flow , colonization , ethnic group , out of africa , ethnology , population , biology , ecology , demography , china , genetic diversity , archaeology , history , anthropology , sociology
Significance A key link to understand human history in Island Southeast Asia is the Philippine archipelago and its poorly investigated genetic diversity. We analyzed the most comprehensive set of population-genomic data for the Philippines: 1,028 individuals covering 115 indigenous communities. We demonstrate that the Philippines were populated by at least five waves of human migration. The Cordillerans migrated into the Philippines prior to the arrival of rice agriculture, where some remain as the least admixed East Asians carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations, thereby challenging an exclusive out-of-Taiwan model of joint farming–language–people dispersal. Altogether, our findings portray the Philippines as a crucial gateway, with a multilayered history, that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.