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Significance  The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an intracellular complex that regulates maturation and release of interleukin (IL)-1β, is active in biopsies of metastatic melanoma. Here, we demonstrate that NLRP3 activation in melanoma cells drives tumor progression in mice. Subsequent to NLRP3 activation in melanoma cells, IL-1β induces melanoma-associated inflammation, resulting in immunosuppression. Oral administration of a single NLRP3 inhibitor (OLT1177) reduces melanoma growth and melanoma-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion. Inhibition of the NLRP3 signaling in combination with anti–PD-1 revealed augmented efficacy compared to monotherapy. These data propose that NLRP3 is a therapeutic target for human melanoma.

Targeting tumor-derived NLRP3 reduces melanoma progression by limiting MDSCs expansion