Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic intake on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix Japonica)

Significance Intermolecular interactions are governed by complex energy landscapes that give rise to their kinetic behavior and nanoscale properties. These properties have been measured, but the underlying energy landscapes for many stable interactions have not, as soft springs are commonly unable to fully measure strong interactions. We used atomic force microscopy with a white-noise excited cantilever to overcome this challenge, observing highly adhesive silicon nitride–mica interactions in water, and reconstructing the interaction energy as a function of tip–sample distance. Confirming our method with established models, we found an ideal excitation energy that allowed the cantilever to explore the full depth and contour of the energy landscape, demonstrating a capability for directly measuring highly adhesive interactions.