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One of the main reasons for the dismal prognosis of lung cancer is related to the late diagnosis of this pathology. In this work, we evaluated the potential of optimized lung MRI techniques and nebulized ultrasmall multimodal gadolinium-based contrast agents [ultrasmall rigid platforms (USRPs)] as a completely noninvasive approach for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vivo detection. A mouse model of NSCLC expressing the luciferase gene was developed. Ultrashort echo-time free-breathing MRI acquisitions were performed before and after i.v. or intrapulmonary administration of the nanoparticles to identify and segment the tumor. After orotracheal or i.v. administration of USRPs, an excellent colocalization of the position the tumor with MRI, bioluminescence and fluorescence reflectance imaging, and histology was observed in all mice. Significantly higher signal enhancements and contrast-to-noise ratios were observed with orotracheal administration using lower doses, reducing the toxicity issues and the interobserver variability in tumor detection. The observations suggested the existence of an unknown original mechanism (different from the enhanced permeability and retention effect) responsible for this phenomenon. MRI and USRPs were shown to be powerful imaging tools able to detect, quantify, and longitudinally monitor the development of submillimetric NSCLCs. The absence of ionizing radiation and high resolution MRI, along with the complete noninvasiveness and good reproducibility of the proposed protocol, make this technique potentially translatable to humans. To our knowledge this is the first time that the advantages of an orotracheal administration route are demonstrated for the investigation of the pathomorphological changes due to NSCLCs.

Targeting and in vivo imaging of non-small–cell lung cancer using nebulized multimodal contrast agents