Intricate features in the lifetime and deposition of atmospheric aerosol particles

The advection of particles emanated, e.g., from volcano eruptions or other pollution events exhibits chaotic behavior in the atmosphere. Due to gravity, the particles move downward on average and remain in the atmosphere for a finite time. The number of particles not yet deposited from the atmosphere decays exponentially after a while characteristic to transient chaos. The so-called escape rate describes the rapidity of the decrease, the reciprocal of which can be used to estimate the average lifetime of the particles. Based on measured wind field data, we follow aerosol particles and demonstrate that the geographical distribution of the individual lifetime of the particles distributed over the globe at different altitudes shows a filamentary, fractal distribution, typical for chaos: the lifetime of particles may be quite different at very nearby geographic locations. These maps can be considered as atlases for the potential fate of volcanic ash clouds or of particles distributed for geoengineering purposes. Particles with similar lifetime deposit also in filamentary structures, but the deposition pattern of extremely long-living particles covers more or less homogeneously the Earth. In general, particles emanated around the equator remain in the atmosphere for the longest time, even for years, e.g., for particles of 1μm radius. The escape rate does not show any considerable dependence on the particles' initial altitude, indicating that there exists a unique chaotic saddle in the atmosphere. We reconstruct this saddle and its stable and unstable manifolds on two planar slices and follow its time dependence.